Optimization of Hot Forging Parameters for Gear Based on Improved Simulated Annealing Algorithm.

To enhance the material utilization rate in hot forging of straight teeth face gears, an optimization model of the process parameters was built. The "protrusion" volume generated during hot forging was used as the optimization objective, while the maximum stress was used as the constraint. And key parameters crucial to the hot forging process, including deformation temperature, friction factor, mold preheating temperature, and forging strike speed, were selected as design variables. To evaluate the "protrusion" volume and maximum stress under different process parameters, the inherited Latinized centroidal Voronoi tessellation (ILCVT) method was used to generate training samples containing initial design points. Subsequently, the hot forging process of spur gears was simulated by using deform-3D software. The Kriging model was introduced to model the implicit relationship between design variables and performance responses. The simulated annealing algorithm was introduced. Moreover, the disturbance model, annealing temperature attenuation method, and temperature variation strategy were improved to enhance the algorithm search efficiency. The optimized forging process parameters were workpiece deformation temperature of 1 049 °C, friction factor of 0.32, mold preheating temperature of 206 °C, and forging strike speed of 249 mm/s. The effectiveness of the optimization results were verified through a combination of simulation and experimental methods. The results show that the optimized process parameters effectively reduces the "protrusion" volume. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]