A generalized wall-pressure spectral model for non-equilibrium boundary layers.

The article presents a new wall-pressure spectral model for non-equilibrium boundary layers, addressing the limitations of existing semi-empirical models in strong pressure gradient conditions. By analyzing high-fidelity simulations and experimental data, the study identifies optimal scaling variables for accurate wall-pressure spectrum predictions. The proposed model, incorporating local mean velocity profiles, shows improved performance in capturing the effects of pressure gradients on wall-pressure statistics in turbulent boundary layer flows. Overall, the research provides valuable insights into the impact of Reynolds number and pressure gradients on wall-pressure spectra, enhancing our understanding of non-equilibrium boundary layer dynamics. [Extracted from the article]