The life (history), diet and death of the blackspot shark (Carcharhinus sealei) from South-east Asia.

Context: The blackspot shark (Carcharhinus sealei) is a small-bodied coastal shark often incidentally caught in fisheries across South-east Asia. Aims: This study aimed to document the species' biology, ecology, fisheries and markets to inform conservation. Methods: In total, 103 blackspot sharks from Indonesia (n = 101) and Singapore (n = 2) were examined to determine biological parameters (growth rate, age at maturity, reproductive traits and diet). An interview with a Singaporean seafood supplier gave insight to population trends, fisheries and markets. Key results: Males attained a maximum age of 9 years, the smallest mature individual measured 709-mm stretched total length (STL), with 50% reaching maturity at 6.15 years. Females attained a maximum age of 11 years, the smallest mature individual measured 730 mm STL, with 50% reaching maturity at 6.12 years. The species has an overall growth rate (k) of 0.37 year⁻¹. Reproduction was asynchronous, with only two pups produced per litter. Crustaceans dominated the diet of juveniles, whereas bony fishes and cephalopods dominated the diets of adult males and adult females respectively. Conclusions: Blackspot sharks have a moderately fast growth rate, but a late age-at-maturity and a low fecundity. Diet differed between the sexes as well as adults and juveniles. Implications: The low fecundity and late maturity of blackspot sharks increase their vulnerability to exploitation. Blackspot sharks are now listed on CITES-Appendix II, but mortality may remain high because they are reportedly often caught incidentally. Blackspot sharks from Riau Islands, Indonesia, have a late maturity (~6 years old) and low fecundity (litters of two pups). Mature males primarily eat bony fishes, mature females primarily eat cephalopods, whereas juveniles primarily eat crustaceans. A seafood supplier who was interviewed has perceived population declines and stated that the species is mostly caught incidentally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]