Analysis of differences in fossil fuel consumption in the world based on the fractal time series and complex network.

Fossil fuels remain indispensable energy resources despite their non-renewable nature. Understanding the patterns of global fossil fuel consumption is essential for energy security and policy-making. This study employs complex network theory and fractal time series analysis to explore the underlying dynamics and patterns of fossil fuel consumption globally, with a focus on coal, oil, and gas consumption. The study applies the Hurst index to raw fossil fuel consumption data to identify fractal characteristics. Additionally, the visibility graph method is used to convert time series data into complex networks, allowing further analysis of consumption patterns. The study examines fossil fuel consumption in 38 countries to assess global trends and differences. The analysis reveals that global fossil fuel consumption follows a fractal time series pattern, with Hurst index values exceeding 0.9, indicating long-term memory characteristics. The application of the visibility graph method demonstrates variations in the Hurst index of degree distribution, enabling the differentiation of consumption patterns across regions. The method also uncovers distinct features of coal, oil, and gas consumption when viewed from a network perspective. The findings suggest that fossil fuel consumption has predictable long-term patterns, which are crucial for assessing future energy demands. The study highlights the importance of legislative measures to safeguard fossil fuel resources, especially for countries like China, where energy security and international competitiveness are paramount. Understanding these consumption patterns could guide future energy policies aimed at managing non-renewable resources more effectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]