Contamination Features and Quantitative Source Apportionment of Potentially Toxic Elements in the Urban Surface Soil, the Case of Hamedan, West of Iran.

In this study, a total of 180 surface soil samples were collected from a control area and residential, commercial, and industrial regions of Hamedan, Iran during the fall season in 2023. Contents of analyzed elements were then determined using ICP-OES. The results illustrated that the average contents of As, Cd, Cu, Mn, Ni, and Pb were 1.17–2.26 times greater than those reported as local background values, while the mean contents of As, Cd, and Cu were respectively 3.41, 1.25, and 1.00 times greater than the background contents for Iran by implying the possible human sources of these PTEs. The cumulative average ecological risk value with 81.9, demonstrated moderate ecological risk across the study area. The results of source apportionment showed that the PTEs contamination in the soil of the study area mainly originates from the anthropogenic activities (65.6%) and traffic emissions as the primary pollution source (47.3%) had the highest contribution to the PTE pollution in the study area. In conclusion, by providing a useful approach to identifying the sources and contributions of toxic elements across different functional areas, this study has the potential to guide future efforts aimed at managing and mitigating the pollution caused by metal elements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]