Comprehensive review on advanced toughening techniques for polymer composites.

Polymer composites have garnered significant attention due to their lightweight nature and high strength-to-weight ratio, making them promising materials for various engineering applications. However, their inherent brittleness often limits their practical utility, especially in high-impact scenarios. To address this challenge, advanced techniques for toughening polymer composites have been developed, aiming to enhance their fracture toughness and energy absorption capabilities. This comprehensive review highlights recent advancements in toughening mechanisms and strategies employed in polymer composites. Various approaches such as interface engineering, incorporation of toughening agents, and hierarchical structures are discussed in detail, elucidating their underlying mechanisms and effects on the mechanical properties of composites. Furthermore, advanced characterization techniques for evaluating toughening mechanisms and assessing the performance of toughened composites are reviewed. The potential applications of toughened polymer composites across diverse fields including aerospace, automotive, and sports equipment are also explored. Through a thorough examination of recent research, this review provides valuable insights into the state-of-the-art in toughening polymer composites, offering guidance for future developments and applications in engineering materials science. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]