Farm advisors play a key role in integrating crop-livestock at the farm level: perceptions and experiences in Brazil and France.

Purpose: Integrated crop-livestock systems (ICLS) can foster agroecological transitions. However, knowledge on how extension services influence such systems is still lacking. The manuscript analyzes ICLS advisors' perceptions of the conditions toward recoupling crops and livestock at the farm level. Methodology/Approach: We conducted and analyzed 20 semi-structured interviews with advisors and project managers currently working with ICLS in Brazil and France. Findings: The results revealed the following advisors' activities undertaken to support recoupling crop and livestock systems: i) gathering ICLS knowledge by building a network as a knowledge source, along with mobilizing and combining tools and skills, ii) communicating and facilitating arrangements between farmers and farmers´ groups, iii) supporting ICLS co-design by assisting farmers in setting goals and plans, and iv) assisting on-farm transitions by supporting implementation and monitoring. Practical implications: This research highlights the key role of advisors in the transition toward the recoupling of crops and livestock at the farm level. ICLS advising could be improved and simplified with better-adapted tools, training to acquire knowledge, and skills specific to the ICLS context. Theoretical implications: Systemic thinking, facilitation, communication, and mobilizing a broad network to exchange knowledge are key requirements for advising complex systems such as ICLS. This is a typical case of a 'knowledge brokering' approach in which advisors engage in systemic facilitation to encourage innovation adoption. Originality: Our analysis provides promising insights into the specific advisor experiences in the transition towards adopting agroecological approaches, such as ICLS. This research opens avenues for future research to encourage ICLS adoption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]