Advanced attention-based spatial-temporal neural networks for enhanced CO2 water-alternating-gas performance prediction and history matching.

This study combines convolutional neural networks, spatial pyramid pooling, and long short-term memory networks (LSTM) with self-attention (SA) mechanisms (abbreviated as CSAL) to address the problem of production dynamics prediction in tight reservoirs during the CO₂ water-alternating-gas (CO₂-WAG) injection process. By integrating DenseNet and SPP modules, this method effectively captures and processes complex spatial features in tight reservoirs. Concurrently, the LSTM enhanced with SA mechanisms improves the prediction capability of temporal data during the CO₂-WAG process. Experimental results demonstrate that the CSAL model performs excellently in both the training and testing phases, achieving a coefficient of determination (R²) exceeding 0.98, significantly enhancing the model's prediction accuracy. Compared to models without attention mechanisms, the CSAL model increases the R² value in time series prediction by 10%. Furthermore, employing the Ensemble Smoother with Multiple Data Assimilation algorithm, the CSAL model achieves high-precision history matching, significantly reducing the error between predicted values and actual observations. This study validates the application potential and superiority of the CSAL model in the CO₂-WAG process in tight reservoirs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]