Rapid submillimeter QSM and R2* mapping using interleaved multishot 3D‐EPI at 7 and 3 Tesla.

Purpose: To explore the high signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) efficiency of interleaved multishot 3D‐EPI with standard image reconstruction for fast and robust high‐resolution whole‐brain quantitative susceptibility (QSM) and R2∗$$ {R}_2^{\ast } $$ mapping at 7 and 3T. Methods: Single‐ and multi‐TE segmented 3D‐EPI is combined with conventional CAIPIRINHA undersampling for up to 72‐fold effective gradient echo (GRE) imaging acceleration. Across multiple averages, scan parameters are varied (e.g., dual‐polarity frequency‐encoding) to additionally correct for B0$$ {\mathrm{B}}_0 $$‐induced artifacts, geometric distortions and motion retrospectively. A comparison to established GRE protocols is made. Resolutions range from 1.4 mm isotropic (1 multi‐TE average in 36 s) up to 0.4 mm isotropic (2 single‐TE averages in approximately 6 min) with whole‐head coverage. Results: Only 1‐4 averages are needed for sufficient SNR with 3D‐EPI, depending on resolution and field strength. Fast scanning and small voxels together with retrospective corrections result in substantially reduced image artifacts, which improves susceptibility and R2∗$$ {R}_2^{\ast } $$ mapping. Additionally, much finer details are obtained in susceptibility‐weighted image projections through significantly reduced partial voluming. Conclusion: Using interleaved multishot 3D‐EPI, single‐TE and multi‐TE data can readily be acquired 10 times faster than with conventional, accelerated GRE imaging. Even 0.4 mm isotropic whole‐head QSM within 6 min becomes feasible at 7T. At 3T, motion‐robust 0.8 mm isotropic whole‐brain QSM and R2∗$$ {R}_2^{\ast } $$ mapping with no apparent distortion in less than 7 min becomes clinically feasible. Stronger gradient systems may allow for even higher effective acceleration rates through larger EPI factors while maintaining optimal contrast. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]