Immune profiling reveals umbilical cord blood mononuclear cells from South India display an IL-8 dominant, CXCL-10 deficient polyfunctional monocyte response to pathogen-associated molecular patterns that is distinct from adult blood cells.

Neonate responses to pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPS) differ from adults; such understanding is poor in Indian neonates, despite recognized significant infectious risk. Immune profiling analysis was undertaken of 10 secreted mediators contextualized with cellular source induced by six PAMPs in umbilical cord (CB; n = 21) and adult-blood (PBMC; n = 14) from a tertiary care hospital in South India. Differential cytokine expression analysis (minimum log2-fold difference; adj P-value < 0.05) identified bacterial PAMPs induced higher concentrations of IL-1β, IL-10, TNF-α in adults versus IL-8, GM-CSF, IFN-γ, and IL-2 in CB. CB responded to poly I:C and SARS-CoV-2 lysate with a dominant IL-8 response, whereas in PBMC, CXCL-10 dominated poly I:C, but not SARS-CoV-2, responses, highlighting potential IL-8 importance, in the absence of Type I Interferons, in antiviral CB immunity. Candida albicans was the only PAMP to uniformly induce higher secretion of effectors in CB. The predominant source of IL-8/IL-6/TNF-α/IL-1β in both CB and PBMC was polyfunctional monocytes and IFN-γ/IL-2/IL-17 from innate lymphocytes. Correlation matrix analyses revealed IL-8 to be the most differentially regulated, correlating positively in CB versus negatively in PBMC with IL-6, GM-CSF, IFN-γ, IL-2, consistent with more negatively regulated cytokine modules in adults, potentially linked to higher anti-inflammatory IL-10. Cord and adult blood from India respond robustly to PAMPs with unique effector combinations. These data provide a strong foundation to monitor, explore, mechanisms that regulate such immunity during the life course, an area of significant global health importance given infection-related infant mortality incidence. Immune profiling analysis was conducted on umbilical cord blood (CB; n=21) and adult peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC; n=14) from India. Six pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) were used to stimulate immune responses. Differential secreted cytokine expression analysis, relative to no stimulation control, as measured by a multiplex ELISA, revealed PAMP-specific distinct effectors patterns. The predominant cellular source of IL-8/IL-6/TNF-a/IL-1ß in both CB and PBMC, as determined by intracellular cytokine staining, was polyfunctional monocytes and IFN-? /IL-2/IL-17/IL-10 from innate lymphocytes. Graphical Abstract [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]