Comparison of Battery Chemistries for Electric Vehicle Applications.

One of the most effective technologies for green and environmentally friendly transportation systems is the electric vehicle (EV). For all battery-driven electric vehicles, the secondary (rechargeable) battery is the main source of energy. Batteries store chemical energy and convert it into electrical energy, then it delivers as electrical energy. The energy storage system is the most important for the long-term economic and ecological sustainability of EVs in the automotive sector. Battery is the central and core component of battery driven EVs. It is the heart of the EVs. It is important to choose batteries that have a long cycle life, less energy loss, high power density, stable and high peak power output, high energy efficiency, lightweight, low maintenance, long-lasting durability, adequate safety, reliable performance, fast charging capability, inexpensive and eco-friendly materials. EVs use various types of rechargeable batteries, including Nickel-Cadmium (NiCd), Lead acid (PbO2), Nickel-Metal Hydride (NiMH), Sodium-Sulfur (NaS), Lithium-Ion (Li-ion), and novel-based batteries. Novel-based batteries, such as Lithium-Sulfur (LiS), Lithium-ion Air (LiO2), All-Solid-State Batteries (ASSB), Zinc-Ion (Zn-ion), Lithium-Ion Silicon (Li-Si), and Sodium-Ion (Na-ion) batteries are currently underdeveloped but have the potential for the next generation of energy storage technology. In this paper, the emphasis is on the various kinds of batteries currently available in the market. Also, battery chemistry application, formation, and comparison of benefits and drawbacks are discussed. A smart energy storage system is very important for green transport systems. Considering all the determining parameters, recommendations for application-specific optimal battery technology for EV applications are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]