Role of Epigenetics, Environmental and Chemical Agents in Nonsyndromic Orofacial Clefts.

Nonsyndromic orofacial clefts (nsOFCs) are the most prevalent congenital craniofacial abnormalities, significantly impacting an individual's overall health. They are clinically presented as an incomplete separation of the lips, palate, or both. NsOFC occurs as a separate entity and is not associated with any other syndromic abnormalities. Epigenetics has been regarded as a key factor in increasing the prevalence of orofacial clefts. Studies in the past have aimed to explain the involvement of epigenetics in the formation of nsOFCs. Researchers have also well-investigated and documented certain environmental factors and chemical agents that could influence the occurrence of orofacial clefts. Understanding the role and effect of the etiological factors will directly support postulating preventative measures to minimize the occurrence of clefts. This review article will offer a comprehensive overview of the epigenetics, environmental factors, and chemical agents linked to developing nsOFCs. The article will also focus on the promising epigenetic biomarkers that can potentially detect clefts early. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]