Direct numerical simulations of rapidly rotating Rayleigh–Bénard convection with Rayleigh number up to $5\times 10^{13}$.

Three-dimensional direct numerical simulations of rotating Rayleigh–Bénard convection in the planar geometry with no-slip top and bottom and periodic lateral boundary conditions are performed for a broad parameter range with the Rayleigh number spanning in $5\times 10^{6}\leq Ra \leq 5\times 10^{13}$ , Ekman number within $5\times 10^{-9}\leq Ek \leq 5\times 10^{-5}$ and Prandtl number $Pr=1$. The thermal and Ekman boundary layer (BL) statistics, temperature drop within the thermal BL, interior temperature gradient and scaling behaviours of the heat and momentum transports (reflected in the Nusselt $Nu$ and Reynolds numbers $Re$) as well as the convective length scale are investigated across various flow regimes. The global and local momentum transports are examined via the $Re$ scaling derived from the classical theoretical balances of viscous–Archimedean–Coriolis (VAC) and Coriolis–inertial–Archimedean (CIA) forces. The VAC-based $Re$ scaling is shown to agree well with the data in the cellular and columnar regimes, where the characteristic convective length scales as the onset length scale ${\sim } Ek^{1/3}$ , while the CIA-based $Re$ scaling and the inertia length scale $\sim (ReEk)^{1/2}$ work well in the geostrophic turbulence regime for $Ek\leq 1.5\times 10^{-8}$. The examinations of $Nu$ , global and local $Re$ , and convective length scale as well as the temperature drop within the thermal BL and its thickness scaling behaviours, indicate that for extreme parameters of $Ek\leq 1.5\times 10^{-8}$ and $80\lesssim RaEk^{4/3}\lesssim 200$ , we have reached the diffusion-free geostrophic turbulence regime. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]