Stem traits promote wheat climate-resilience.

Introduction: Wheat grain filling processes under post-anthesis stress scenarios depend mainly on stem traits and remobilization of stem water-soluble carbohydrates (WSC). Methods: A diverse panel of advanced semi-dwarf spring wheat lines, representing a natural variation in stem traits (WSC content, stem diameter, peduncle length, and stem wall width), was used to identify specific traits that reliably reflect the relationship between WSC and grain yield. The panel was phenotyped under various environmental conditions: well-watered, waterlimited, and heat stress in Mexico, and terminal-drought in Israel. Results: Environmental stresses reduced grain yield (from 626 g m-2 under wellwatered to 213 g m-2 under heat), lower internode diameter, and peduncle length. However, stem-WSC generally peaked 3-4 weeks after heading under all environmental conditions except heat (where it peaked earlier) and expressed the highest values under water-limited and terminal-drought environments. Increased investment in internode diameter and peduncle length was associated with a higher accumulation of stem WSC, which showed a positive association with yield and kernel weight. Across all environments, there were no apparent trade-offs between increased crop investment in internode diameter, peduncle length, and grain yield. Discussion: Our results showed that selecting for genotypes with higher resource investment in stem structural biomass, WSC accumulation, and remobilization could be a valuable strategy to ameliorate grain size reduction under stress without compromising grain yield potential. Furthermore, easy-tomeasure proxies for WSC (stem diameter at specific internodes and length of the last internode, i.e., the peduncle) could significantly increase throughput, potentially at the breeding scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]