The effects of plant invasion, floral resources and soil characteristics on ground-nesting bees.

Ground-nesting bees are susceptible to disturbances that affect foraging resources, vegetation structure and soil characteristics. We studied the effects of 12 invasive alien plant species on environmental variables and directly on ground-nesting bees to reveal their specific importance. We sampled bees along transects; flowers, vegetation, bare ground and litter in quadrats, as well as soil characteristics. Our results suggested that plant invasion reduced overall and flowering plant richness and positively affected the height of native vegetation. However, this did not affect ground-nesting bees' abundance or species richness. Although we found invaded plots to have altered soil chemical characteristics compared to control plots, there was no correlation between soil characteristics and ground-nesting bees. The large explanatory potential of the random factors suggests that there were large differences in the abundance and species richness of ground-nesting bee species among the different habitat types and before and during the flowering of the invasive species. Although our study lacked a direct sampling of nesting bees, our results show the adverse effects of plant invasion on foraging and some nesting characteristics of ground-nesting bees. Future studies should put effort into the investigation of the number of nest holes and additional soil characteristics to get a better picture of the effects of plant invasion on ground-nesting activity. Implications for insect conservation: Our results suggest that ground-nesting bees are affected by alien plant invasion through their foraging resources, while plant invasion seemed to have a lower effect on nesting availability. Invasive alien plants should be eradicated and invaded areas restored to reduce adverse effects on the native plant community, soil and ultimately ground-nesting bees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]