Comparing CO 2 Storage and Utilization: Enhancing Sustainability through Renewable Energy Integration.

Addressing the environmental challenges posed by CO₂ emissions is crucial for mitigating global warming and achieving net-zero emissions by 2050. This study compares CO₂ storage (CCS) and utilization (CCU) technologies, highlighting the benefits of integrating captured CO₂ into fuel production. This paper focuses on various carbon utilization routes such as Power-to-Gas via the Sabatier reaction, indirect production of DME, and Power-to-Fuel technologies. The maturity of these technologies is evaluated using the Technology Readiness Level (TRL) method, identifying the advancements needed for future implementation. Additionally, global regulations and policies surrounding carbon capture and storage are reviewed to provide context for their current status. The study emphasizes the potential of CCU technologies to reduce future CO₂ emissions by converting captured CO₂ into valuable fuels and chemicals, thus supporting the transition to a sustainable energy system. The findings indicate that while CCS technologies are more mature, promising CCU technologies can significantly contribute to reducing greenhouse gas emissions if green hydrogen becomes more affordable. This research underscores the importance of further technological development and economic evaluation to enhance the feasibility and adoption of CCU technologies in the pursuit of long-term environmental sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]