Anticipation (second-order motor planning) is stored in memory - processing of grasp postures in a priming paradigm.

The end-state comfort effect (ESC) describes the tendency to grasp an object with an initial uncomfortable grasp posture in order to achieve a comfortable end posture. The ESC is an example for anticipative processes in manual action. ESC planning is investigated in many studies where this effect is measured in the context of motor observation and motion capture. However, there is little evidence if the anticipative link between different action states, especially between initial grasp postures and comfortable end postures, is represented in memory. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether the perception of a grasp posture holding a bar leads to the activation of actionrelated representations of grasping actions. For this purpose, a priming paradigm was used in which prime images were shown depicting either a comfortable (overhand grip) or uncomfortable (underhand grip) grasp posture holding a two-colored bar. The subsequently shown target images represented either a comfortable (thumb-up) or uncomfortable (thumb-down) final grasp posture of this grasping action. Due to the different grasp postures in the prime and target, prime-target pairs represented different types of action sequences. Furthermore, physically possible, and physically impossible actions were presented. Participants were asked to react to the top color of the bar shown in the target-picture, whereby the shown grasp posture was irrelevant for this decision. Results showed that reaction times did not differ after presentation of an overhand grip to target pictures showing comfortable or uncomfortable final grasp postures. In contrast, after presentation of an underhand grip in the prime, reactions to target pictures with final comfortable grasp postures were faster compared to target pictures with uncomfortable grasp postures. The effect was only found for the physically possible action. The findings suggest that the perception of the underhand grip leads to cognitive pre-activation of a final action state. The present study suggests that the association between an initial uncomfortable underhand grip and its action effect, in form of a final action state that is consistent with the ESC, is represented in memory. Such motor representation might be important for the anticipation and control of goal-directed grasping. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]