Bacteriophage-driven emergence and expansion of Staphylococcus aureus in rodent populations.

Human activities such as agriculturalization and domestication have led to the emergence of many new pathogens via host-switching events between humans, domesticated and wild animals. Staphylococcus aureus is a multi-host opportunistic pathogen with a global healthcare and economic burden. Recently, it was discovered that laboratory and wild rodents can be colonised and infected with S. aureus, but the origins and zoonotic potential of rodent S. aureus is unknown. In order to trace their evolutionary history, we employed a dataset of 1249 S. aureus genome sequences including 393 of isolates from rodents and other small mammals (including newly determined sequences for 305 isolates from 7 countries). Among laboratory mouse populations, we identified multiple widespread rodent-specific S. aureus clones that likely originated in humans. Phylogeographic analysis of the most common murine lineage CC88 suggests that it emerged in the 1980s in laboratory mouse facilities most likely in North America, from where it spread to institutions around the world, via the distribution of mice for research. In contrast, wild rodents (mice, voles, squirrels) were colonized with a unique complement of S. aureus lineages that are widely disseminated across Europe. In order to investigate the molecular basis for S. aureus adaptation to rodent hosts, genome-wide association analysis was carried out revealing a unique complement of bacteriophages associated with a rodent host ecology. Of note, we identified novel prophages and pathogenicity islands in rodent-derived S. aureus that conferred the potential for coagulation of rodent plasma, a key phenotype of abscess formation and persistence. Our findings highlight the remarkable capacity of S. aureus to expand into new host populations, driven by the acquisition of genes promoting survival in new host-species. Author summary: New pathogens typically emerge after host-switching events, threatening public health and food security. Here we used an evolutionary genomic approach to reveal the origins of Staphylococcus aureus in laboratory and wild rodent populations. S. aureus in laboratory rodents appears to have originated in humans and following host jump events has spread around the world via the distribution of mice for research purposes. Distinct clones of S. aureus widely distributed around Europe are associated with wild rodent populations. We found unique types of prophages in rodent S. aureus that have played a central role in their emergence and expansion including some with genes encoding putative virulence factors. In particular, we identified novel prophages and pathogenicity islands that conferred the potential for coagulation of rodent plasma, a key phenotype of abscess formation and persistence. Taken together, our findings highlight the remarkable capacity of S. aureus to expand into new host populations, driven by the acquisition of genes acquired via mobile genetic elements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]