Metavirome mining from fjord sediments of Svalbard Archipelago.

Purpose: Viruses are the largest genetic repository and most diverse host-associated replicating organisms in a wide range of ecosystems in the entire biosphere. Although playing crucial roles in numerous processes such as nutrient cycles, viral shunt, and population control within marine ecosystems, viral communities continue to be the least explored biological entities, particularly in extreme marine habitats. Therefore, details about the viral diversity and their metabolic potential from Arctic sediments has great importance. Methods: Sediment samples were collected from two Arctic fjords, Kongsfjorden and Krossfjorden, in Svalbard. Viral nucleic acids were extracted from both fjord sediments after a pre-processing step. Illumina Novaseq based shotgun sequencing was performed and bioinformatic analysis was done to explore viral communities and their functional potential. Results: An array of DNA and RNA viruses especially bacteriophages along with viruses infecting algae, plants, molluscs, shrimps, fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, humans, and other mammals were detected from both fjords. The double-stranded DNA viruses were the most abundant (Siphoviridae, Podoviridae, Myoviridae, and Phycodnaviridae), followed by single-stranded DNA (Inoviridae) and RNA (Retroviridae and Betaflexiviridae) viruses from both metavirome. Functional analysis explored genes encoding virus structures, enzymes for phage replication, integration and excision and proteins related to phage regulation of gene expression. Conclusions: Fjord metavirome analysis revealed the occurrence of virus groups endemic to Arctic freshwater and marine habitats along with an extra pool of unclassified or unassigned virus reads. Viruses infecting a variety of bacterial groups, and other higher trophic levels in fjord environments were explored. Functional annotation revealed the abundance of phage-related structural genes and metabolic genes. Comparative analysis revealed the abundance of dsDNA viruses from Caudovirales (Myoviridae, Podoviridae and Siphoviridae) in all the analysed Arctic samples in different proportions. The present study enhances our understanding of viral diversity and their metabolic potential in Arctic fjord sediments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]