A taxonomy of living labs in a smart service context.

Findings of this paper present a taxonomy with structured overview on key characteristics of living labs in a smart service context and with that, insights on how living labs can be used for smart service innovation. Deriving from theoretical and empirical data we found that characteristics of living labs can be arranged into two main groups describing on the one hand the milieu and on the other hand the methodology for smart service innovation. Characteristics of the milieu such as physical framing or the ecosystem of living labs describe the set-up of living labs within which smart service innovation takes place and which can be utilized for the innovation process. Characteristics of the latter, the methodology, outline possible characteristics of using living labs as an approach towards the smart service innovation process including activities, resources, and the involvement of users. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]