Challenge for multifaceted data acquisition around active volcanoes using uncrewed surface vessel.

Monitoring of volcanic eruptions, the atmosphere, and the ocean, along with their scientific understanding, can be achieved through multifaceted observations that include camera images, topographic deformations, elastic waves, geology, and the chemical constituents and temperatures of air and water. However, regions of increased volcanic activity and/or shallow waters are difficult to access by crewed ship due to danger or grounding risk. To overcome these difficulties, we used an uncrewed surface vessel (USV), Bluebottle, to operate multiple observation around oceanic volcanoes in the Bonin Island arc in May 2023. Even under adverse sea conditions, the USV successfully reached a remote observation site, Nishinoshima volcano, which is about 130 km away from Chichijima Island where the USV started out from. The USV conducted five days of observations at shallower than 500 m water depth around Nishinoshima Island, the first time after violent eruptions of Nishinoshima in June 2020. The USV is equipped with various sensors and data collection technologies, including a single-beam echosounder, oceanographic and meteorological sensors, an Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler, and a time-lapse camera. These tools have provided a multi-dimensional view of the underwater landscape and marine conditions near the volcano for the first time in the world. We obtained new bathymetric data, sub-bottom images, and measurements of temperature, salinity, and pH. This study leverages advanced technologies and innovative methodologies to enhance our understanding of marine and geological phenomena. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]