Synthesis of basic oxygenate fuel compounds from fructose sugar with the application of the catalyst SO4−2/TiO2-SiO2.

The focus of this research was on studying the influence of hydration reaction time on the formation of 5-HMF from fructose. The application of the synthesized solid acid catalyst was tested by observing dehydration and etherification reaction times. In addition to catalyst application, the study also involved testing the characteristics and quantity of specific products, namely 5-HMF (5-Hydroxy Methyl Furfural) and Ester. Chromatogram data from GCMS indicated a specific % area (% component) of 5-Hydroxy Methyl Furfural and Ester, with retention times ranging from 8 minutes, confirming the presence of these compounds. The observation of catalyst performance for dehydration reaction times and etherification reaction times (in hours, at 2, 2.5, 3.5, and 4.5, respectively) was identified on the GCMS chromatogram with indications of 59.10%, 51.21%, 43.47%, and 22.6%. The 5-HMF compound was further confirmed by the FTIR histogram, showing the C=O functional group (aldehyde/ester group) at 1672.3 cm⁻¹ and the O-H functional group at the wave number 3416.05 cm⁻¹. This research demonstrated that dehydration and etherification, supported by the catalyst SO 4 − 2 /TiO₂-SiO₂, can convert fructose sugar into 5-HMF and esters. The optimal time for this reaction was predicted to be 2 hours. These compounds serve as the foundation for oxygenated fuel, fulfilling their role as a renewable energy source. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]