Współczesne metody oceny kondycji i temperamentu u bydła.

Physical condition and temperament significantly correlate with the health and productivity of cattle. Excessively fat or extremely thin cows, suffer from a number of metabolic and immune disorders, have reduced fertility, produce less milk of low quality, and are more often culled for poor production and breeding. Bulls with impaired body condition have reduced libido and produce poor quality semen. Cows and bulls with a violent temperament have poorer carcass quality, are more often and easily injured and are also dangerous to stockmen. This work presents the most common methods of assessing the condition of cattle, and methods of establishing animals temperament. The constant progress in the development of new methods for evaluation of condition and temperament is taken into account, emphasizing the importance including artificial intelligence (AI), into research. At the same time, advantages and disadvantages of the selected methods were highlighted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]