Relationship of Gross Domestic Product, Female Labour Participation and Fertility Rate: Evidence from Panel Data of 157 Countries.

This study examines the relationship between gross domestic product, female labour participation, and fertility rate in a model that spans 157 countries from 1991 to 2018. It demonstrates cointegration or the existence of a long-run relationship among variables. Both short-run and long-run trends in gross domestic product and fertility rates have a significant impact on female labour participation, and this relationship is non-linear. The study finds a U-shaped relationship between female labour participation and gross domestic product, with fertility being one of the most important non-economic factors. Increased economic activity and lower fertility rates around the world have a real and positive impact on female labour participation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]