Parametric design of the human bone with the aim of promoting dynamic resistance.

In sports practices, the intensity and type of forces exerted on the human body are totally different from everyday living. Harsh movements and impact loadings are very common in sports and sometimes cause severe injuries to both muscles and bones. In a specific case, in volleyball games, the lower arm of the player is continuously exposed to heavy impacts by the ball. The main part of the body enduring these impact loads are the two ulna and radius bones in the lower arm. Therefore, in this type of ball impacts it is important to investigate the effect of ball movement and condition on the stress-induced in bones. In the present study, using numerical finite element and generalized differential quadrature (GDQ) methods, stability conditions in the ulna and radius bones in volleyball players under several static and harmonic loading types are investigated. Furthermore, change in the ball mass in the standard range is also considered in analyses. The bone structure is modeled as a cylindrical shell with classical elasticity theory and for inhomogeneous material properties. The results obtained using the numerical method are presented with a focus on the state of stability of the both ulna and radius bones. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]