Effects of diclofenac on hormonal level of Heteroclarias after acute 96 h exposure.

This study was conducted to assess the effect of Diclofenac on the brain and serum hormones of Heteroclarias. The acute 96h test was carried out using graded concentrations of 4.00 mg/L, 8.00 mg/L, 12.00 mg/L and 16.00 mg/L. At various concentrations of the toxicant, uncoordinated behaviours such as erratic swimming, loss of balance and gasping for air by exposed fish was observed. In terms of endocrine disruptions, the study found that diclofenac exposure led to alterations in hormone levels. Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) showed varying responses, with both increases and decreases in different concentration groups. Luteinizing hormone (LH) exhibited no significant changes, while prolactin levels increased in higher diclofenac concentrations, potentially in response to changes in electrolyte levels. Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) levels in the brain increased, likely due to decreased negative feedback from reduced serum thyroxine (T4) levels. In the serum, estradiol levels significantly decreased in the 4.00mg/L diclofenac group, while progesterone and testosterone levels decreased in multiple groups. Overall, this study highlights the ecological implications of diclofenac contamination in aquatic ecosystems, emphasizing the need for further research to mitigate pharmaceutical contaminant effects and protect aquatic biodiversity. Understanding the complex interactions between pharmaceuticals and aquatic organisms is crucial for sustainable aquaculture practices and ecosystem preservation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]