The effect of waste powder on the 3D printing performance of cement-based materials.

With advancements in the construction industry, 3D printing technology is poised to emerge as the predominant method of construction in the future. By implementing effective regulations, waste resources can be repurposed as raw materials for 3D printing. This study examines the substitution of solid waste powder for cement, investigating various factors impacting the 3D printing performance of cement-based materials. It was observed that the water-binder ratio, fly ash content, and steel slag content consistently influenced the setting time, with fly ash exerting a greater impact. As water consumption increases, extrusion time decreases, while higher levels of fly ash and steel slag powder lead to longer extrusion times. Although the addition of fly ash and steel slag powder can reduce deformation rates, it may compromise extrudability. The deformation rate in terms of stackability aligns with that of buildability. Fly ash significantly affects the 1-day compressive strength, followed by steel slag powder, with water consumption having the least impact. Mercury intrusion porosimetry reveals similar effects of steel slag powder and fly ash on pores. At a content of 5%, gel pores increase, but higher substitution rates result in a greater proportion of harmful pores. Within appropriate ranges, solid waste powder can be effectively utilized in 3D printing for building construction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]