Plant-Derived Smoke Solution: A Stress Alleviator in Crop.

Plant-derived smoke is known as a potent agent to promote plant growth at different developmental stages. The application of plant-derived smoke elicits germination and post-germination stages of plant species. On the other hand, abiotic stresses, such as salinity, heavy metals, and flooding, are known to weaken plant growth and development. Abiotic stresses have negative effects on growth attributes of crops, such as maize, rice, wheat, and soybean. The positive/alleviating effect of plant-derived smoke solution was observed at morphological, physiological, and molecular levels of plant under abiotic stresses. Presently, the role of plant-derived smoke in alleviation of various stresses including salt, heavy metal, temperature, and flooding stress has been comprehended and the mechanism of alleviation via regulation of cellular activities at molecular level has been discussed. The amelioration of negative effects of abiotic stresses by plant-derived smoke involves the regulation of stress-related genes that provokes the antioxidant system of plants, activating cell wall proteins and metabolic pathways that might block the uptake of salt/heavy metal ions through plant roots. This review might provide an in-depth role of plant-derived smoke to exploit new avenues enabling plants to cope with abiotic stresses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]