Italian Bailouts, 1861-2021.

Historians and economic historians have certainly not failed to discuss specific cases of bank or industrial bailouts in Italy, setting them in the context of specific periods in the history of the unified country. Much more rarely - perhaps never - have they instead assessed their evolution and scale in overall terms. This paper represents an attempt to fill the gap by providing an account - as complete as possible - of banking and industrial bailouts carried out, directly or indirectly, by the State. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]