Genome‐wide study of glutathione transferases and their regulation in flufenacet susceptible and resistant black‐grass (Alopecurus myosuroides Huds.).

BACKGROUND: Glutathione transferases (GSTs) are enzymes with a wide range of functions, including herbicide detoxification. Up‐regulation of GSTs and their detoxification activity enables the grass weed black‐grass (Alopecurus myosuroides Huds.) to metabolize the very‐long‐chain fatty acid synthesis inhibitor flufenacet and other herbicides leading to multiple herbicide resistance. However, the genomic organization and regulation of GSTs genes is still poorly understood. RESULTS: In this genome‐wide study the location and expression of 115 GSTs were investigated using a recently published black‐grass genome. Particularly, the most abundant GSTs of class tau and phi were typically clustered and often followed similar expression patterns but possessed divergent upstream regulatory regions. Similarities were found in the promoters of the most up‐regulated GSTs, which are located next to each other in a cluster. The binding motif of the E2F/DP transcription factor complex in the promoter of an up‐regulated GST was identical in susceptible and resistant plants, however, adjacent sequences differed. This led to a stronger binding of proteins to the motif of the susceptible plant, indicating repressor activity. CONCLUSIONS: This study constitutes the first analysis dealing with the genomic investigation of GST genes found in black‐grass and their transcriptional regulation. It highlights the complexity of the evolution of GSTs in black‐grass, their duplication and divergence over time. The large number of GSTs allows weeds to detoxify a broad spectrum of herbicides. Ultimately, more research is needed to fully elucidate the regulatory mechanisms of GST expression. © 2024 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]