Trajectory Tracking Control Using Evolutionary Approaches for Autonomous Driving.

Capitalizing on the strides in artificial intelligence and the escalating demand for safer and more efficient traffic systems, the investigation unveils a trio of evolutionary algorithms - namely Grey Wolf Optimizer (GWO), Multi-Verse Optimizer (MVO) and Salp Swarm Algorithm (SSA) - in the context of hyperparameter calibration for the Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) controller. Revered for their classical simplicity and widespread industrial use, PID controllers are pivotal in feedback control systems, ensuring desired system performance through meticulous parameter adjustments. This research introduces a novel application of GWO, MVO, and SSA in the realm of PID control, aiming to optimize the controllers' parameters. To exemplify the utility of the proposed algorithms, two distinct trajectory scenarios are employed as target trajectories. Rigorous numerical evaluations, accompanied by graphical analyses, showcase the prowess of these algorithms in steering the trajectory tracking process. By pioneering the application of these optimizers in the PID controller domain, this investigation not only demonstrates their superior performance over traditional methods but also contributes to the broader field of control engineering by suggesting a more efficient approach to traffic system optimization. This exploration also paves the way for further research into leveraging advanced optimization techniques to elevate the safety and efficiency of traffic systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]