Enhanced Indoor Conversion Efficiency of Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells by Optimizing Ball-Milling Process of TiO 2 Paste.

The rapid spread of the Internet of Things (IoT) along with the development of innovative low-power electronic devices has also driven the development of indoor photovoltaics. In this paper, we propose a simple and economically feasible solution that can improve the efficiency of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) under indoor light conditions by ~112%, without requiring a complex TiO₂ photoanode architecture or the design of new dyes. The ball milling process of the TiO₂ paste was optimized for indoor light conditions for the first time, both in terms of efficiency and production costs, by developing a rapid preparation method that can be used industrially for the application of DSSCs. A simple use of 12 mm diameter balls caused beneficial structural modifications, decreasing the size of the crystallites, and leading to a high OH generation on the TiO₂ surface responsible for the improvement of energy conversion efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]