Implementing Dysphagia Outcome Assessments into Clinical Settings: Leveraging Principles of Implementation, Dissemination, and Psychometrics.

Purpose: Myriad dysphagia assessment tools have been designed, but their application is variable. This is partly due to a lack of implementation and dissemination strategy as well as to limited guidance regarding which instruments are optimally designed and best used for clinical and research applications. Method: This tutorial provides a high-level overview of implementation and dissemination, their interaction with psychometrics and knowledge coproduction, and how these concepts relate to proper development and widespread application of contextually relevant, psychometrically optimized, evidence-based dysphagia assessment instruments. Results: A review of the literature identified two dysphagia assessment instruments that purposefully integrated implementation and dissemination processes after measurement development. Application of knowledge coproduction was not identified in any papers reporting development and testing of dysphagia assessment instruments. A better understanding of coproduction and psychometrics when developing measures, while simultaneously applying implementation science and dissemination strategies, can result in the development of optimal dysphagia assessment tools that are more consistently adopted into clinical practice. Conclusions: Clinicians and researchers should promote the development of psychometrically sound measures, and employ principles of implementation science and effective dissemination strategies to advocate for, and promote the use of, well-designed instruments within their appropriate clinical contexts. Support from governing bodies and funding agencies could enhance future efforts to develop, and encourage widespread uptake of, optimally developed dysphagia assessment tools. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]