Quadratic convection on the radiative flow of ternary nanofluid Gr–Ag–TiO2–H2O subjected to velocity slip and temperature jump.

This paper deals with the analysis of the flow and heat transfer performance of ternary nanofluid flowing past a stretching sheet under the influence of quadratic convection. The ternary nanofluid is formed by suspending three different nanoparticles, namely, titanium dioxide (TiO₂), silver (Ag) and graphene (Gr) in the base fluid water (H₂O). Thus, the ternary nanofluid obtained is Gr–Ag–TiO₂/H₂O where the hybrid nanofluid Ag–TiO₂/H₂O forms the base fluid for the resulting ternary nanofluid. The addition of TiO₂ nanoparticles enhances the photocatalytic nature of the base fluid and makes it useful in various applications concerning the medicinal field. The presence of Gr helps in intensifying the thermal conductivity of water while the suspension of silver nanoparticles ensures chemical stability. Meanwhile, the thermophysical properties of the ternary nanofluid are mathematically defined and the system of equations that describe the flow of a ternary nanofluid past a stretching sheet is framed using differential equations. The outcomes of this study are interpreted through graphs for velocity and temperature profiles of the ternary nanofluid. It was mainly observed that the thermal conductance of ternary nanofluid was higher than the monophase and hybrid nanofluid. Also, the presence of quadratic convection had a prominent impact on the ternary nanofluid flow. The Nusselt number was found to be greater for spherical nanoparticles and it was found to be least for blade-shaped nanoparticles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]