Research Advances on Toxic Effects and Mechanisms of Micro- and Nanoplastics on Fish.

The pollution of micro- and nano-plastics (MNPs) in water environments has become a global concern. Because of their large quantity and small particle size, MNPs are prone to be ingested by fish and cause harm. This article reviews the toxic effects and the mechanisms of MNPs on fish. Firstly, the patterns of MNPs ingestion, enrichment, and transport in fish are summarized, and the stress caused by MNPs with different particle sizes are analyzed. Secondly, the toxic effects of MNPs on fish and the mechanisms are emphatically demonstrated, and the combined toxic effects of MNPs and other pollutants on fish are delineated. Finally, three research prospects of MNPs on fish are proposed. This review article is conducive to enhancing the understanding of the ecotoxicity of MNPs, providing scientific basis for the safe production and ecological stability of commercial fish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]