Priority based k-coverage hole restoration and m-connectivity using whale optimization scheme for underwater wireless sensor networks.

Coverage hole restoration and connectivity is a typical problem for underwater wireless sensor networks. In underwater applications like underwater oilfield reservoirs, undersea minerals and monitoring etc., where nodes face many hurdles and are unable to cover the required region during a natural disaster such as tsunami, flood, earthquakes, and environmental interference. It creates a coverage hole and consumes high energy with bad network quality. This problem considered as an NP-complete problem where a set of sensor nodes is required to identify the k-coverage hole and m-connectivity. In the literature, researchers have not focused on k-coverage hole restoration and m-connectivity issues during natural disasters and environmental interference. To mitigate this problem, we proposed priority-based coverage hole restoration and -connection using a whale optimization scheme to restore coverage holes and extract relevant information for the construction of undersea oilfield reservoirs, minerals, and mines. In this scheme, we identified the list of k-coverage holes and addressed autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) to place the additional mobile nodes in an appropriate coverage hole. A novel multi-objective function is formulated to obtain the optimal path for AUVs. Furthermore, while restoring coverage holes, we checked the connectivity of nodes. In the network, each node coordinated sleep scheduling with neighbor nodes to maintain energy efficiency. Performance evaluation of the proposed scheme shows better results than the existing schemes under different network scenarios which provide maximum coverage and connectivity, less energy consumption with a high convergence rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]