Effect of quasi‐biennial oscillation on the intensity of the South China Sea summer monsoon.

The interannual relationship between the quasi‐biennial oscillation (QBO) and the South China Sea (SCS) summer monsoon intensity (SCSSMI) is investigated using the ERA5 data set in the period of 1953–2020. The QBO–SCSSMI connection is weak in El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO)‐related summer, but significant in neutral ENSO summer. In neutral ENSO summer, there is significant positive correlation between QBO and SCSSMI, that is, the SCSSMI is enhanced in the QBO westerly phase, while it is weakened in the QBO easterly phase with larger amplitude of the SCSSMI anomaly. QBO may modulate the SCSSMI in three possible ways. The QBO‐related temperature anomalies downward to the lower stratosphere directly affect the SCS monsoon convection by modulating the upper‐tropospheric stability and tropopause height over the SCS region. Moreover, the QBO‐related anomalous zonal wind downward to the lower stratosphere may regulate cross‐tropopause vertical wind shear and then modulate the convection development. Besides, the QBO‐related zonal wind and temperature signals propagating downward into the upper troposphere can affect the horizontal divergence by influencing the vertical vorticity and the geopotential via thermal forcing. Through those three processes, QBO directly affects the deep convection activities and then modulates the SCSSMI via internal dynamic adjustment. In the southern SCS, cross‐tropopause vertical wind shear makes a main contribution to deep convections, while upper‐tropospheric static stability makes a major contribution to deep convection in the northern SCS. The conclusions are also generally verified by the CMIP6 model simulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]