Pain syndromes in Parkinson's disease: an update for general practice.

This article provides an update on pain syndromes in Parkinson's disease (PD) for general practice. PD is a multisystem condition that affects 1%–3% of the population aged >65 years and presents with motor, neurological, psychiatric, and gastrointestinal manifestations. Pain is a common and often unrecognised symptom of PD, with a prevalence greater than age-matched controls with other chronic diseases. The main types of pain syndromes encountered in PD are central pain, peripheral pain, musculoskeletal pain, and pain due to dystonia and akathisia. The article emphasizes the importance of non-pharmacological approaches to pain management, such as a balanced diet, exercise therapy, and alternative therapies. Pharmacological options for pain management include non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, tricyclic antidepressants, and opioid analgesics. The article also provides specific treatment options for different types of pain syndromes. Overall, the article highlights the need for accurate recognition and appropriate treatment of pain in PD to improve quality of life for patients. [Extracted from the article]