Commercial vaccines used in poultry, cattle, and aquaculture: a multidirectional comparison.

This article provides a comparison of commercial vaccines used in poultry, cattle, and fish. Avian and bovine vaccines are the most dominant, while fish vaccines account for a smaller percentage. The article discusses the different types of vaccines available and highlights the challenges and potential future developments in the field of fish vaccines. The market landscape for veterinary vaccines is also discussed, with birds, cattle, and fish being the leading animal species. Traditional production methods are strongly associated with all three animal species, but there are challenges faced by modern vaccines, such as the need for new adjuvants and the dependence on the cold chain. The article also discusses the use of polyvalent vaccines and the prevalence of certain adjuvants in bovine and fish vaccines. Overall, the article provides insights into the current state of veterinary vaccines and the challenges and opportunities in the field. The document is a list of references for a research article on novel vaccine technologies in veterinary medicine, covering various topics related to vaccine development and use in animals. [Extracted from the article]