The new method of ZnIn2S4 synthesis on the titania nanotubes substrate with enhanced stability and photoelectrochemical performance.

In this work, ZnIn₂S₄ layers were obtained on fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO) glass and TiO₂ nanotubes (TiO₂NT) using a hydrothermal process as photoanodes for photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting. Then, samples were annealed and the effect of the annealing temperature was investigated. Optimization of the deposition process and annealing of ZnIn₂S₄ layers made it possible to obtain an FTO-based material generating a photocurrent of 1.2 mA cm⁻² at 1.62 V vs. RHE in a neutral medium. In contrast, the highest photocurrent in the neutral electrolyte obtained for the TiO₂NT-based photoanode reached 0.5 mA cm⁻² at 1.62 V vs. RHE. In addition, the use of a strongly acidic electrolyte allowed the generated photocurrent by the TiO₂NT-based photoanode to increase to 3.02 mA cm⁻² at 0.31 V vs. RHE. Despite a weaker photoresponse in neutral electrolyte than the optimized FTO-based photoanode, the use of TiO₂NT as a substrate allowed for a significant increase in the photoanode's operating time. After 2 h of illumination, the photocurrent response of the TiO₂NT-based photoanode was 0.21 mA cm⁻², which was 42% of the initial value. In contrast, the FTO-based photoanode after the same time generated a photocurrent of 0.02 mA cm⁻² which was only 1% of the initial value. The results indicated that the use of TiO₂ nanotubes as a substrate for ZnIn₂S₄ deposition increases the photoanode's long-term stability in photoelectrochemical water splitting. The proposed charge transfer mechanism suggested that the heterojunction between ZnIn₂S₄ and TiO₂ played an important role in improving the stability of the material by supporting charge separation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]