Chemerin affects the expression of angiogenesis-related factors in the porcine endometrium during early pregnancy and the oestrous cycle: an in vitro study.

Context: The appropriate course of angiogenesis in the endometrium is crucial for pregnancy establishment and maintenance. Very little is known about the factors linking vessel formation and immune system functioning. Aims: We hypothesised that chemerin, an adipokine known for its involvement in the regulation of energy balance and immunological functions, may act as a potent regulator of endometrial angiogenesis during early pregnancy in pigs. Methods: Porcine endometrial tissue explants were obtained from pregnant pigs on days 10–11, 12–13, 15–16 and 27–28, and on days 10–12 of the oestrous cycle. The explants were in vitro cultured for 24 h in the presence of chemerin (100, 200 ng/mL) or in medium alone (control). We evaluated the in vitro effect of chemerin on the secretion of vascular endothelial growth factors A–D (VEGF-A–D), placental growth factor (PlGF), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and angiopoietin 1 and 2 (ANG-1, ANG-2) with the ELISA method. The protein abundance of angiogenesis-related factor receptors, VEGF receptors 1–3 (VEGFR1–3), FGF receptors 1 and 2 (FGFR1–2) and ANG receptor (TIE2) was evaluated with the Western blot (WB) method. We also analysed the influence of chemerin on the phosphorylation of AMPK using WB. Key results: We found that in the studied endometrial samples, chemerin up-regulated the secretion of VEGF-A, VEGF-B and PlGF, and protein expression of VEGFR3. The adipokine caused a decrease in VEGF-C, VEGF-D and ANG-1 release. Chemerin effect on bFGF and ANG-2 secretion, and protein content of VEGFR1, VEGFR2, FGFR1, FGFR2 and TIE2 were dependent on the stage of pregnancy. Chemerin was found to down-regulate AMPK phosphorylation. Conclusions: The obtained in vitro results suggest that chemerin could be an important factor in the early pregnant uterus by its influence on angiogenic factors' secretion and signalling. Implications: The obtained results on the role of chemerin in the process of endometrial angiogenesis may, in the long term perspective, contribute to the elaboration of more effective methods of modifying reproductive processes and maintaining energy homeostasis in farm animals. Diagram showing how chemerin is hypothesised to act as a regulator of endometrial angiogenesis in pregnant pigs. Diagram showing how chemerin is hypothesised to act as a regulator of endometrial angiogenesis in pregnant pigs. New vessel formation in the endometrium is crucial for pregnancy establishment and maintenance. We found that chemerin, known for its involvement in regulating energy balance and immunological functions, may be an important regulator of endometrial angiogenesis. Chemerin in vitro regulates the secretion of key angiogenesis-related factors and their receptors' protein abundance in this tissue during the oestrous cycle and early pregnancy. Image by the authors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]