Toxicity of fungal‐derived volatile organic compounds against root‐knot nematodes.

BACKGROUND: Root‐knot nematodes (RKNs), including Meloidogyne species, are among the most destructive plant‐parasites worldwide. Recent evidence suggests that entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) can antagonize RKNs. Such antagonistic effects are likely mediated by toxic metabolites, including volatile organic compounds (VOCs), produced by the fungi. However, how widespread these effects are across EPF species, and which VOCs mediate negative interactions between EPF and RKNs needs to be further elucidated. RESULTS: First, we evaluated the nematicidal effect of VOCs emitted by 46 EPF isolates against Meloidogyne incognita and found variable toxicity depending on the isolate. Second, we measured the nematicidal effect of highly toxic isolates, including species in the genus Talaromyces, Aspergillus, Clonostachys, and Purpureocillium and, third, we analyzed the nematicidal effect of major VOCs, including 2‐methyl‐1‐propanol, 3‐methyl‐1‐butanol, isopropyl alcohol and 2‐methyl‐3‐pentanone. The mortality of M. incognita juveniles (J2s) was generally high (50%) either via airborne or in‐solution contact with VOCs. Moreover, the tested VOCs significantly inhibited egg hatching, and repelled J2s away from the VOCs. CONCLUSION: This study not only provides insights into the ecological function of VOCs in the rhizosphere, but also provides new approaches for developing environmentally friendly control methods of RKNs in agroecosystems. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]