Joint Constraints on the Hubble Constant, Spatial Curvature, and Sound Horizon from the Late-time Universe with Cosmography.

In this paper, using the latest Pantheon+ sample of Type Ia supernovae, baryon acoustic oscillation measurements, and observational Hubble data, we carry out a joint constraint on the Hubble constant H ₀, the spatial curvature Ω_K, and the sound horizon at the end of the drag epoch r _d. To be model-independent, four cosmography models—i.e., the Taylor series in terms of redshift y ₁ = z /(1 + z), y 2 = arctan (z) , y 3 = ln (1 + z) , and the Padé approximants—are used without the assumption of a flat Universe. The results show that H ₀ is anticorrelated with Ω_K and r _d, indicating that smaller Ω_K or r _d would be helpful in alleviating the Hubble tension. The values of H ₀ and r _d are consistent with the estimate derived from the Planck cosmic microwave background data based on the flat ΛCDM model, but H ₀ is in 2.3 ∼ 3.0 σ tension with that obtained by Riess et al. in all these cosmographic approaches. Meanwhile, a flat Universe is preferred by the present observations under all approximations except the third order of y ₁ and y ₂ of the Taylor series. Furthermore, according to the values of the Bayesian evidence, we found that the flat ΛCDM remains to be the most favored model by the joint data sets, and the Padé approximant of order (2,2), the third order of y ₃ and y ₁ are the top three cosmographic expansions that fit the data sets best, while the Taylor series in terms of y ₂ are essentially ruled out. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]