Characterizing water-soluble brown carbon in fine particles in four typical cities in northwestern China during wintertime: integrating optical properties with chemical processes.

Brown carbon (BrC) aerosol could impact atmospheric radiative forcing and play a crucial role in atmospheric photochemistry. In this study, fine particulate matter (PM 2.5) filter samples were collected synchronously in four major cities in northwestern China during the winter season (December 2019–January 2020): Lanzhou (LZ), Xining (XN), Yinchuan (YC), and Ürümqi (UR), which are represented as energy-producing and heavy manufacturing cities in China. The primary aim of the study is to explore the optical properties, sources, and chemical processes of water-soluble BrC (WS-BrC). The average mass absorption efficiency at 365 nm (MAE 365) of WS-BrC at these four cities was 1.24 ± 0.19 m 2 g -1 (XN), 1.19 ± 0.12 m 2 g -1 (LZ), 1.07 ± 0.23 m 2 g -1 (YC), and 0.78 ± 0.16 m 2 g -1 (UR). The properties of WS-BrC were further investigated by an acid–base titration experiment. The results showed that the MAE 365 values in all cities increased with higher pH values (2–11), while the fluorescence intensities of water extracts fluctuated with pH values, being stronger under both highly acidic and basic conditions. The sensitivity to pH variation was most pronounced in the WS-BrC samples from YC and LZ, indicating the important contribution of acid or base functional group compounds in these locations. Additionally, the study revealed significant photo-enhancement (LZ) or photo-bleaching (YC and UR) phenomena of WS-BrC in different cities. These results suggest that the sources and/or chemical processes of WS-BrC varied among the cities. The sources and chemical processes of WS-BrC were further explored by a combination of parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC) on excitation–emission matrix (EEM) spectra of WS-BrC and positive matrix factorization analysis (PMF) on high-resolution mass spectra of water-soluble organic aerosol (WSOA). Six PARAFAC components were identified, including three humic-like substances (HULIS; two less oxygenated (LO) HULIS and one highly oxygenated (HO) HULIS), two protein-like or phenol-like substances (PLS), and one undefined substance. Four PMF factors were identified, including a water-soluble primary OA (WS-POA), a less oxidized oxygenated OA associated with coal combustion-induced WSOA (LO-OOA), and two highly oxidized oxygenated OAs resulting from photochemical oxidation and aqueous-phase oxidation transformations (HO-OOA1 and HO-OOA2). WS-POA was determined to be the most significant source of light absorption, accounting for 30 %–60 % based on multiple linear regression models, and it showed a significant correlation with PLS and LO-HULIS components. The loss of light absorption of WS-POA was found to occur through its conversion to LO-OOA and HO-OOAs through photochemical or aqueous reactions, with HO-OOAs being significantly correlated with the HO-HULIS component. These processes can be clearly illustrated by integrating optical properties and chemical composition using a Van Krevelen diagram and an EEM plot. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]