Recent progress in optical nanosensors for antibiotics detection.

Water covers more than two-thirds of the earth's surface, but only around 0.3% is suitable for human use. Water sources are highly polluted with various chemicals, heavy metals, and agricultural wastes. The quick and precise assessment of these contaminants in the water is one of the most important aspects of environmental monitoring. Antibiotics are one of the emerging groups of persistent organic pollutants in aquatic ecosystems due to their uncontrolled release and overuse. This review highlights important optical sensing techniques and analytical tools for onsite antibiotic monitoring in water samples that are simple to use and require minimal sample preparation. The integration of nanomaterials with these optical technologies has helped with exceptional detection capability and good stability due to their unique optical properties. In particular, this review summarizes surface plasmon resonance, colorimetry, fluorescence, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy-based detection, and their realization toward the chip and optical fiber-based sensors development. The characteristics and advantages of various nanomaterials for antibiotic detection, their mechanism of action, and future trends are discussed in detail. The insights of this review article will be informative and guide the researchers to develop advanced optical sensors for antibiotic detection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]