Estimating Mediterranean stand fuel characteristics using handheld mobile laser scanning technology.

Background: Accurate, timely and easily obtainable information on stand fuel is of great importance in the prediction of fire behaviour. Aims: The objective of this study is to measure several stand fuel characteristics with handheld mobile laser scanning (HMLS) in six fuel types for Mediterranean region, and compare the results with traditional field fuel measurements (FFM) in 35 different sampling plots. Methods: The measurements involved overstorey (the number of trees, diameter at breast height, crown base height, tree height, maximum tree height, stand crown closure) and understorey (understorey closure, understorey height) fuel characteristics, and ground slope. Correlation analysis and t -test were performed to examine the relationship between FFM and HMLS datasets. In addition, cross-validation statistics (RMSE, r RMSE and R ²) were employed to evaluate the accuracy of the HMLS method. Key results: The results indicated strong correlations among all fuel characteristics. However, overstorey fuel characteristics were more favourable (r -values between 0.804 and 0.996, P < 0.01) than understorey (r -values between 0.483 and 0.612, P < 0.01). There was no significant difference between FFM and HMLS datasets in all fuel characteristics (P > 0.05). Conclusions: The results indicated that the HMLS was practical, cost-effective, time-efficient and required less labour as compared to traditional FFM in plot-level (i.e. 0.1 ha) inventories. Accurate, timely and easily obtainable information on stand fuel characteristics plays an important role in fire behaviour prediction. In this study, stand fuel characteristics were measured using handheld mobile laser scanning in six fuel types. The results were compared to those obtained through field fuel measurements from the same plots. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]