GOSPODARKA – POLITYKA – SPOŁECZEŃSTWO: TRANSFORMACJA SYSTEMU OD OTWARCIA DO ZAMKNIĘCIA GRANIC – ROSJA PO 1991 ROKU.

The article presents the breakthrough moments of the transformation of Russia as a dynamic system of interconnected elements and phenomena from the area of politics, economy and social life. The research period covered the years 1991-2021. The theoretical and methodological framework was provided by Marian Mazur’s systemic approach. It allowed to assess the system through the prism of the functionality of its main modules and the deliberate impact on the environment. As a result, a model of the system was provided. It allows to recognize, order, and predict the processes within the system. The final conclusions are the following: Since 1991, Russia, included in the system treated as the interaction of three functional modules: power, management, and information, has gone through a path that has led its inhabitants back to the Soviet-era scheme. The above-mentioned modules, functioning in democratic countries independently, in the case of Russia merged into one – previously managed. The latter took over the functions of the others, becoming the source of all information. On the one hand, it acts as a centrifugal force, generating the binding perspective of reality, and on the other hand, it has a centripetal character, attracting all resources to maintain its status quo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]