The Western Channel Observatory: a century of oceanographic, chemical and biological data compiled from pelagic and benthic habitats in the Western English Channel.

The Western Channel Observatory (WCO) comprises a series of pelagic, benthic and atmospheric sampling sites within 40 km of Plymouth UK, which have been sampled by the Plymouth Institutes on a regular basis since 1903. This longevity of recording and the high frequency of observations provide a unique combination of data; for example temperature data were first collected in 1903 and the reference station L4 has been sampled on a weekly basis since 1988 where nearly 400 planktonic taxa have been enumerated. While the component datasets have been archived, here we provide the first summary database bringing together a wide suite of the observations. This provides monthly average values of some of the key pelagic and benthic measurements for the inshore site L4 (50° 15.00' N, 4° 13.02' W approx depth 55 m), the offshore site E1 (50° 02.00' N, 4° 22.00' W approx depth 75 m) and the intermediate L5 site (50° 10.80' N 4° 18.00' W approx depth 58 m. In brief, the data include: water temperature (from 1903); macronutrients (from 1934); dissolved inorganic carbon and total alkalinity (from 2008); methane and nitrous oxide (from 2011); chlorophyll a (from 1992); HPLC-derived pigments (from 1999); <20 µm plankton by flow cytometry including bacteria (8 functional groups from 2007); phytoplankton by microscopy (6 functional groups from 1992); microplankton and mesozooplankton from FlowCam (6 groups from 2012), Noctiluca sp. dinoflagellate (from 1997); mesozooplankton by microscopy (8 groups from 1988); Calanus helgolandicus egg production rates (from 1992); fish larvae from Young Fish Trawl survey (4 groups from 1924); benthic macrofauna (4 groups from 2008); demersal fish (19 families from 2008); blue shark, Prionace glauca (from 1958); 16S alpha diversity for sediment and water column (from 2012). These data have varying coverage in time and depth resolution. The metadata tables describe each data set, provide pointers to the source data and other related Western Channel Observatory data sets and outputs not compiled here. We provide summaries of the main trends in seasonality and some major, climate related shifts that have been revealed over the last century. The data are available from Data Archive for Seabed Species and Habitats (DASSH) via the link http://doi.org/10.17031/645110fb81749 (McEvoy and Atkinson, 2023). Making the data fully accessible and including units of both abundance and biomass will stimulate a variety of uptakes. These may include uses as an educational resource for projects, for models and budgets or for analysis of seasonality and long-term change in a coupled benthic-pelagic system and for supporting UK and Northeast Atlantic policy and management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]