Examining the relationship between tourism and CO2 emissions: evidence from APEC region.

The paper investigates the relationship between tourism, energy consumption, trade openness, economic growth, and CO₂ emissions for 20 economies of the APEC region from 1995 to 2017. This paper employs cross-sectional dependence with heterogeneous panel estimation techniques. The data confirms cross-sectional dependence, and the CIPS panel unit root test shows that the variables are stationary at their first differences. The Westerlund panel cointegration test affirms a long-run relationship among the variables. Tourism and trade openness have significant positive effects on CO₂ emissions while economic growth and energy consumption adversely affect CO₂ emissions in the long-run. The panel non-causality test reveals that there is a one-way causality running from tourism to CO₂ emissions and economic growth to CO₂ emissions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]