Twilight Mesospheric Clouds in Jezero as Observed by MEDA Radiation and Dust Sensor (RDS).

The Mars Environmental Dynamics Analyzer instrument, on board NASA's Mars 2020 Perseverance rover, includes a number of sensors to characterize the Martian atmosphere. One of these sensors is the Radiation and Dust Sensor (RDS) that measures the solar irradiance at different wavelengths and geometries. We analyzed the RDS observations made during twilight for the period between sol 71 and 492 of the mission (Ls 39°–262°, Mars Year 36) to characterize the clouds over the Perseverance rover site. Using the ratio between the irradiance at zenith at 450 and 750 nm, we inferred that the main constituent of the detected high‐altitude aerosol layers was ice from Ls = 39°–150° (cloudy period), and dust from Ls 150°–262°. A total of 161 twilights were analyzed in the cloudy period using a radiative transfer code and we found: (a) signatures of clouds/hazes in the signals in 58% of the twilights; (b) most of the clouds had altitudes between 40 and 50 km, suggesting water ice composition, and had particle sizes between 0.6 and 2 µm; (c) the cloud activity at sunrise is slightly higher that at sunset, likely due to the differences in temperature; (d) the time period with more cloud detections and with the greatest cloud opacities is during Ls 120°–150°; and (e) a notable decrease in the cloud activity around aphelion, along with lower cloud altitudes and opacities. This decrease in cloud activity indicates lower concentrations of water vapor or cloud condensation nuclei (dust) around this period in the Martian mesosphere. Plain Language Summary: During twilight, ground‐based observations of the irradiance allows the detection and characterization of high‐altitude clouds (above 30–35 km). Because the sun is at or below the horizon, the cloud layers reflect the direct light that only reaches the higher parts of the atmosphere, producing an increase in the sky brightness with respect to the cloud‐free scenario. Moreover, the decrease in the intensity with the solar zenith angle highly depends on the cloud altitude and density. Using observations made by the Radiation and Dust Sensor, part of the instrument Mars Environmental Dynamics Analyzer on board Perseverance rover, we present here a study of the twilight clouds detected at the Perseverance landing site for the first 490 sols of the mission (Mars Year 36). By modeling the irradiance at 450 and 950 nm with radiative transfer simulations, we constrained the cloud altitude, opacity, and particle radius. The number of twilights analyzed allowed us to study the seasonal trend in the cloud activity. During the cloudy period, Ls 39°–150°, we find a significant decrease in the cloud activity above 30–35 km around aphelion (Ls ∼ 70°). This implies that the seasonal distribution of clouds above 30–35 km differs from that observed at lower altitudes. Key Points: Most of the cloud detected at twilight between sol 71 and 492 of the Mars 2020 mission (Ls 39°–262°) occurred at altitudes between 40 and 50 kmAround aphelion (Ls ∼ 70°) we found the minimum in cloud activity and lower cloud opacitiesThe cloud activity at sunrise is slightly stronger than at sunset and this is likely due to the lower temperatures [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]